Thinking Activities on Imaginary Homelands : selected Essays : salman Rushdie

Welcome to Readers!

Salman Rushdie is the most controversial writer among Indian writing in English. His book published under the title “Imaginary Homeland” is the collection of the essay written between 1981 and 1992. All the essays are based on Salman Rushdie’s experience of the contemporary time scenario. This book is the collection of the controversial issues of the decade. In those days Indira Gandhi was the prime minister of India.

“This book is an incomplete, personal view of the interregnum of 1980s, not all of whose symptoms it has to be said, were morbid.” (introduction-1) It clearly says that all are his personal views that may be are may not be completely right, according to him it was a decade, what Gramsci has said “the old was dying and yet new could not be born.” (Rushdie, 1992)

His first glorious work was ‘Midnight’s Children’, it was for the first-time people liked his book, before that he had published ‘Grimus’. Then in the year 1988 he published his most controversial work ‘Satanic Verses’.

The seed of the imaginary homelands were sawn in the Indo-Anglian seminar at London, where mighty pens of Indian English writing were present. Rushdie was excited to listen to them but soon he realized that some of the participants’ “the desire to describe Indian culture-which I had always thought of rich mixture of tradition-in exclusive, and excluding, Hindu terms” (2.pg)

In this session one of the novelist whose name Rushdie did not revealed, begun his contribution by reciting a Sanskrit Shloka, and then, instead of translating the verse he declared.

“Every educated Indian will understand what I have just said”. It is stupid way in the room were Indian writers and scholar coming from conceivable backgrounds, like Christian, Parasi, Muslim, Sikh. None of them rose in Sanskrit tradition and they were reasonably educated. The question surrounded his minds were

-what were we being told?

-we aren’t Indian’?

The second day, an eminent Indian academic delivered a paper on Indian culture that utterly ignored all minority communities, and he presented “then characterization of Muslim culture as imperialist and inauthentic, this made him write a book, in order to search for his ‘existence. For him the conference was a bitter experience which was pricking him like a thorn.’(2.pg).

The book ‘Imaginary Homelands’ divided into six sections. They are.

1) Midnight’s children.

2) Politics of India and Pakistan.

3) Indo-Anglian literature.

4) Movie and Television.

5) Experience of migrants, -Indian migrants to Britain.

6) Thatcher/ flout election –question of Palestine

 " IMAGINARY HOMELANDS”

This essay was written after the publication of the Midnight’s Children. This never was well responded in western countries but, in Indian it was rejected by Indians, and it was a request from a diasporic writer to the country of his origin to accept him.

It is written out of anguish to go to the roots of one’s origin. The desire of belonging to somewhere, it is the desire of an individual to claim a country as his/her homeland.  So, let’s analyze the essay in detail.

Problems with ‘Midnight’s Children’

Rushdie starts his essay with a photograph which was taken in 1946 before his birth in India. This photo was an inspiration for the novel ‘Midnight’s Children’. When he was writing ‘Midnight’s Children’ very far from India, it is India from macrocosm view. He says. “it may be that writers in position exiles or emigrants or expatriates, are haunted by some sense of loss. The physical alienation from India almost inevitably means that we will not be capable of reclaiming precisely the thing that was lost; that we will in short create fiction, not actual cities or villages, but invisible ones, imaginary homeland, India in mind.” (10.pg) Further he declares that

“What he was actually doing was a novel of memory and about the memory.” Thus, it is India of his memory and of his perspective. There he presented his version of India. Presentation of the dark picture and political matter in ‘Midnight’s Children’ drags the work in political controversy. And as an answer to that he gives explanation.

       “I wasn’t trying to write about the emergency in the same way as I wrote about event halt a century earliest. I felt it would be dishonest to pretend, when writing about the day before yesterday, that it was possible to see the whole picture. I showed certain blobs and slabs of the scene.”

Further he takes support of playwright for the justification of his act, he writes, the description itself is a political act, and for him “politician and writers are natural rivals. Both groups try to make the world in their own image; they fight for the same territory and the novel is one way of denying the official, politicians’ version of truth.”  (14.pg)

Another point which increases the complexity of the controversy is that the description of India that Midnight’s Children attempts, is very pessimistic. Thus, it is critical in India for its despairing tone. But he denied that the book is not despairing or nihilistic, rather he would say “he tried to set up a tension in the text, a paradoxical opposition between form and content of the narrative. The story of Saleem does indeed lead him to despair. But the story is told in a manner designed to echo, as closely my abilities allowed, the nonstop regeneration. The form of the story is optimistic.

In response to the argument that he had portrayed India in bad light. He gives excellent answer to the riddle. He said ‘It is rater a postcolonial (rejecting the British notion of writing) voice he tried to claim by this work but in country like India these things remain unnoticed. They only like “Shining India”. The form and the manner of telling story is itself rejecting the traditional way of writing novel. It is the Indian talent rejecting the colonial way and norms of writing, as he makes use of memory which itself is not reliable, the use of magic realism which give a new spark to story, the use of telepathy it takes us back to the ancient India.

In concluding his view on the ‘Midnight’s Children’, he gives answer to the last question which I like the most. The question is for whom he is writing? he says, “I never had reader in mind. I have ideas, people, events, shapes, and I write for those things, and hope completed work will be interest of others. (20.pg) he clearly says about ‘Midnight’s Children’ for whom it was written. He felt that if its sub-continental rejected the work, he should have thought it as a failure, no matter what the reaction in the west. So, it becomes clear that he is writing for the people who feel the part of the things he had write about, but also for everyone else up to whom his work can reach.

Diaspora -:

‘Imaginary Homelands’ is all about the feeling of belonging nowhere.  The Feeling of insecurity always remains there in his mind which got reflected in his work. His life experience as always, a member of marginalized group, member of Indian Muslim family in Bombay, then as Pakistani, and as present time as British Asian. Thus, there is not a fix identity/root which he can claim. Even in Britan he is not accepted as a member of that country. His experience is no better as he wrote in his essay titled ‘New Empire Within New Britan.’

In creating a story like ‘Midnight’s Children’ he is in a way trying to establishing relationship or making a proof that even he has a land somewhere he belongs to. As he writes “I too had a city and a history to reclaim”. For writers like him, who are exiled, emigrants, or expatriates, are haunted by some sense of loss, some urge to reclaim, to look back, even at the risk of being mutilated pillars of salt.” He rightly points out that he knows that the feeling of belonging is just momentary for writers like him and soon it will wash out, but still they take risk at list temporary they felt they exist.

Diasporic writers held up in such situation that they wish but they could not claim their belonging to the country once they leaved or forced to leave. And they even could not completely mingle with the new one, as the memory of the past doesn’t allow them to accept it. They held up between two cultures, two languages, two nations, and lost identity. He declared that to live in British society is to face everyday problems of definition

What does it mean to be an Indian outside India?

How can culture be preserved without become ossified?

How to change without seeming to play into the hands of our racial enemies?

How to turn away our self which one goes to another country?

How are we to live in the world?

Conclusion: -

A work of literature is an expression of feeling, experience, but it doesn’t mean to force him to leave the country, we Indian really need to understand it that the freedom of thinking can bring better life in society by the writer and free thinkers like Salman Rushdie. In the conclusion of the essay, as a radical thinker he compared a writer within himself with a dog from the novel “The Dean’s December”, as barking of the dog protagonist Dean imagine dogs’ barking as protest against his limit of experience.  “for god’s sake the dog is saying open the universe a little more”. It is the limitation of the diasporic writers that they were protesting, what they really want is to be accepted as a human being, they need little more freedom of expression, and we have to accept them as they belong to somewhere.

A TEMST: AIME CESAIRE

Welcome Readers!

A Tempest

             

Its a play by Aime Cesaire. it is remarkable in the field of Post Colonialism.

• What is Post Colonialism?

Post Colonialism is an approach, a lens to see, understand and subvert notion of Western superiority.

~ It is an approach, in which colony writes back.

~We have to relook, rethink, revisit whatever written or spoken by the white people.

~Europeans have developed pre conceived notion about the East.

~Doubt whatever comes from West, every step taken by them is under doubt& question.

Decentering the center :-

In Ramayan, Ram is at the center. But if we change the center and bring Sita into the center then it is problematic.

In "Hamlet" by Shakespeare, Hamlet is at the center. But if we change the center and bring Rosencrantz and Guildenstern into center or if we bring women characters like Ophelia or Gertrude at the center & read from their point of view then it is problematic.

What Tom Stoppard did by play "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead", the similar kind of thing is done by Aime Cesaire in A Tempest. Marginalised character of that book comes here into centre.Voiceless is given voice here.

What Tom Stoppard did by play "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead", the similar kind of thing is done by Aime Cesaire in A Tempest. Marginalised character of that book comes here into centre.Voiceless is given voice here.

Césaire  uses  all of  the  characters  from  Shakespeare's  version,  but  he  specifies  that  Prospero  is  a  white  master,  while Ariel  is  a  mulatto  and  Caliban  is  a  black  slave.  These  characters  are  the  focus  of  the  play  as  Césaire foregrounds  issues  of  race,  power,  and  decolonization.

The  action  in  the  play  closely  follows  that  of  Shakespeare's  play,  though  Césaire  emphasizes  the importance  of  the  people  who  inhabited  the  island  before  the  arrival  of  Prospero  and  his  daughter Miranda:  Caliban  and  Ariel.  Both  have  been  enslaved  by  Prospero,  though  Caliban  was  the  ruler  of  the island  before  Prospero's  arrival.  Caliban  and  Ariel  react  differently  to  their  situation.  Caliban  favors revolution  over  Ariel's  non-violence,  and  rejects  his  name  as  the  imposition  of  Prospero's  colonizing language,  desiring  to  be  called  X. He  complains  stridently  about  his  enslavement  and  regrets  not being  powerful  enough  to  challenge  the  reign  of  Prospero.  Ariel,  meanwhile,  contents  himself  with asking  Prospero  to  consider  giving  him  independence.  At  the  end  of  the  play,  Prospero  grants  Ariel  his freedom,  but  retains  control  of  the  island  and  of  Caliban.  This  is  a  notable  departure  from  Shakespeare's version,  in  which  Prospero  leaves  the  island  with  his  daughter  and  the  men  who  were  shipwrecked  there at  the  beginning  of  the  play.

A  Tempest  is  a  postcolonial  revision  of  William  Shakespeare’s  The  Tempest and  draws heavily  on  the  original  play—the  cast  of  characters  is,  for  the  most  part,  the  same,  and  the  foundation  of the  plot  follows  the  same  basic  premise.  Prospero  has  been  exiled  and  lives  on  a  secluded  island,  and  he drums  up  a  violent  storm  to  drive  his  daughter’s  ship  ashore.  The  island,  however,  is  somewhere  in  the Caribbean,  Ariel  is  a  mulatto  slave  rather  than  a  sprite,  and  Caliban  is  a  black  slave.  A  Tempest  focuses on  the  plight  of  Ariel  and  Caliban—the  never-ending  quest  to  gain  freedom  from  Prospero  and  his  rule over  the  island.  Ariel,  dutiful  to  Prospero,follows  all  orders  given  to  him  and  sincerely  believes  that Prospero  will  honor  his  promise  of  emancipation.  Caliban,  on  the  other  hand,  slights  Prospero  at  every opportunity:  upon  entering  the  first  act,  Caliban  greets  Prospero  by  saying  “Uhuru!”,  the  Swahili  word for  “freedom.”  Prospero  complains  that  Caliban  often  speaks  in  his  native  language  which  Prospero  has forbidden.  This  prompts  Caliban  to  attempt  to  claim  birthrights  to  the  island,  angering  Prospero  who threatens  to  whip  Caliban.  During  their  argument,  Caliban  tells  Prospero  that  he  no  longer  wants  to  be called  Caliban,  “Call  me  X.  That  would  be  best.  Like  a  man  without  a  name.  Or,  to  be  more  precise,  a man  whose  name  has  been  stolen.”  The  allusion  to  Malcolm  X  cements  the  aura  of  cultural  reclamation that  serves  as  the  foundational  element  of  A  Tempest.  Cesaire  has  also  included  the  character  Eshu  who in  the  play  is  cast  as  a  black  devil-god.  Calling  on  the  Yoruba  mythological  traditions  of  West  Africa, Eshu  assumes  the  archetypal  role  of  the  trickster  and  thwarts  Prospero’s  power  and  authority  during assemblies.  Near  the  end  of  the  play,  Prospero  sends  all  the  lieutenants  off  the  island  to  procure  a  place in  Naples  for  his  daughter  Miranda  and  her  husband  Ferdinand.  When  the  fleet  begs  him  to  leave, Prospero  refuses  and  claims  that  the  island  cannot  stand  without  him;  in  the  end,  only  he  and  Caliban remain.  As  Prospero  continues  to  assert  his  hold  on  the  island,  Caliban’s  freedom  song  can  be  heard  in the  background.  Thus,  Cesaire  leaves  his  audience  to  consider  the  lasting  effects  of  colonialism. 

Thiong'o, Tharoor and Films on Colonial History

Welcome Readers!

Here I am going to share my review upon

movies ,which task was given by Dilipsir,

So here it's https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2018/09/shashi-tharoor-and-dark-era-of.html?m=1

                      Shashi Tharoor  is an Indian politician, writer and a former career international diplomat  who is currently serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, since 2009. 

Book: An Era of Darkness 

The full title of the book is An Era of Darkness: The British Empire In India. If we talk about how idea of the book and book itself come to existence  it has own story. Actually Tharoor went to Oxford Union in 2015 and take part in debate. The topic on which he gave speech is "Does Britain owe reparations to it's on former colonies?" The speech went viral. Subsequently his publisher. Flores the idea to transform speech into book. So, in this way the book An Era of Darkness comes. 

The book is results of speech which has given in Oxford Union. So let me first identify some of the key points from speech. 

      The very first thing he talks about the economic condition of colonies was actually versant by exist of British Colonialism. He takes the example of India and say that India shares world economic of 23 present when Britain arrived. But by the time they left it was below 4 present.

     The next he talk about that during the they stay in India between 15 to 29 million Indian died because of starvation.  The great example of it is great Bangal famen during 2nd world war. Because the food is given to European as stoke by Winston Churchill. 

     He further say that violence and racism was reality of colonial British empire.

       Then he make satire on quote “The sun never set on British Empire. " He say that even god cannot trust English in dark.

Key points from book: 

         The point we see in speech are included in book but still there are some other points are also include.

          The first point in book and in speech is common. He talk about the economic condision of India. But in book we found example from Indian textile market. 

            According to hum India inherit the rural poverty because of British empowerment. 

           According to hum three inderstree in India was doing good ; textile, still, and ship building all this three systematically, debratly, targeted and destroyed by British. 

           In this book he also talks about the rules which are regressive. Some of which are still continue today. He say that there are Darrin lows which are misused by state government for tribal offence. 

            Further he talk about the low on Homosexuality in section 377. According to him India was very liberal about self expression of sexuality. He say that this is Victorian morality which is imposed over India. 

Edward said on orientalism

Hello readers,
                          This blog is a part of my classroom activity in which students have to write on the interview of Edward Said about Orientalism.

What is Orientalism:

                                 As per the Said's words. Orientalism is not an imagination it is material thing and genuine theory. Orientalism is revolutionized the study of middle East and also useful to studies post-colonialism and other discipline like History, Anthropology, Political science and Cultural studies.

To know strange people or region:

                                                       Orientalism also very useful to know about orient people and region or to study about Eastern Asia. We have a preconceived notion of what kind of people live there, what they believe, how they act and also we understand the concept of colored peoples. Here, Said is Talking about the Eastern world like Palestine, Egypt and their condition after colonialism. We can see the condition of Palestinian  after the occupation of Jew people, they immigrate from their homeland to other countries because of Forcefully occupation of Israel. So, we can understand the concept of "Imaginary Homeland" through Palestinian. 

Stereotype: Said talked in this interview about the stereotype of Eastern countries. He said that Western world especially America always see the Eastern world as terrorist countries, their media also portraying Eastern people as barbaric in their T.V program and news. So, this kind of stereotypical perspective is very dangerous for the Eastern countries.

Different views of  Imperialism: In the interview, Said also differentiate the Imperialists like France, America and Europe and he said that French imperialism was very different than Europe and America. Further he said that French did not invaded like Spaniard invaded the new world, looking for a loot. But Nepolian invaded Egypt for the survey of Egypt while Europe invaded the new world looking for loot and also America looted many Easter countries because of the oil through the arm force.

Palestine Issue: Said talked about the issue of Palestine that what is the condition of the people there, they have not their mother land because of the forcefully occupation by Israel. From 1948 to present time Palestinian are suffering a lot for the peace and their homeland but Western countries do not take any kind of action on this issue. We also can say that why Europe and America built a new state for Jew people surrounding Islamic countries, if they have love for Jew people then why they vanished jew from Europe. So, Said explained this issue through cultural, religious and political views.

Contrapuntal line: It is very good view to look any kind of issue, language, Religion, Literature In contrapuntal line, we can say every thing has binary opposition. So, Said said that we have to look from both side we can not judge anything from one side like blind people portrayed elephant from one angle.

Edward Said on orientalism

Edward W. Said was born in 1935 in Palestine, then under British rule, to a Palestinian Arab Christian father and a Lebanese Greek Orthodox mother. He lived in Palestine and Egypt until he was 12 and then he was sent to the US by his family. After getting his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Princeton, he earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in English Literature from Harvard University. In 1963, he joined Columbia University’s Comparative Literature faculty and taught there until his death in 2003. He also worked as a visiting scholar at Yale University and John Hopkins University.

With his book ‘Orientalism’, which was published in 1978 and which is regarded as the founding text for postcolonial theory, Said became an established cultural critic and this work influenced many fields in social sciences and humanities significantly (postcolonial theory, historiography, Middle East studies, Arab studies and many more) as well as changing the meaning of the word ‘Orientalist’ in daily language.

  So, what does ‘Orientalism’ mean? Orientalism, in Western Europe, traditionally refers to the field of study which studies the languages, the history and the cultures, and every other aspect about the peoples and the lands of the ‘Orient’, starting from Morocco to all the way to Japan in its broadest meaning. Thus, people who are specialized in this field are/were called ‘Orientalists’. Edward Said considers Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt (1798) as the beginning of modern Orientalism. He points out that Napoleon did not go to Egypt with his soldiers only, he also took linguists, historians, anthropologists, sociologists, and scientists with him.

Orientalism and the study of the orient and the interest essentially began with the study of the holy texts of Christianity and the study of the language in the holy books (Hebrew principally), with the Church of Rome making the first attempt in studying Oriental languages with the establishment of Studia Linguarum to help the Dominicans liberate Christian captives in Islamic lands. The first school was founded in Tunis by Raymond Penaforte in the 12th century, and in 1311, the Council of Vienne took a decision to create schools for the study of oriental languages in the universities of Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Salamanca, and Rome, which are the oldest universities in Western Europe.

 In the 19^th and the 20^th centuries (The first attempt to understand Islam as a topic of modern scholarship (as opposed to a Christological heresy) was within the context of 19th-century Christian European Oriental studies), Orientalism became increasingly institutionalized, and had strong connections with the Imperial Great Powers and colonial administrations.  As Said points out (and he specifically and mainly talks about British, French and American Orientalist traditions) Unlike the Americans, the French and the British , Germans (more than others but less than the French and the British), Russians, the Spanish, the Portuguese, Italians, and Swiss did not have such a vast Orientalist literature and traditions. Many chairs at universities, schools, research centers and associations were established in Western Europe (more so in Britain and France) in the 19^th century in order to study the ‘Orient’, such as the SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies), the Royal Asiatic Society in Britain, Societe Asiatique and Journal Asiatique in France, the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft in Germany, and the American Oriental Society in the United States.

Interestingly, this academic field encompasses the studying of a very large geographical area throughout all history (no limitation of time) that is far from being homogenous with countless ethno-religious communities with diverse backgrounds, histories, and attitudes. Therefore, a professor of the Chinese language, a professor of Arab History and a professor of Hinduism are all called Orientalists.

After Edward Said’s book, the term Orientalism came to mean a specific patronizing Western European (and American) attitude towards Middle Eastern, Asian, and North African societies, thus having a negative connotation. According to Said, the ‘West’ essentializes these cultures and peoples as static and undeveloped (like how Renan viewed Semitic languages as dead and Indo-European languages as organic) manufacturing the view that the Orient and its peoples can be studied, depicted, and reproduced. He states that this implicitly implies the idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and superior.

As it can be understood from the name of this field (Orientalism), this view of the world implies that the world consists of different civilizations divided by definitive, absolute lines, much like Sam byuel Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilizations’, which can be regarded as the continuation of the orientalist literature and tradition in the 20^th century. There is a ‘West’ and an ‘East’. However, in his work, Edward Said states that the orient is a constructed concept, and the claim, based on the geographical area and the religions, cultures, and the racial qualities specific and unique to this area, that that part of the world has native and by nature ‘different and alien’ inhabitants can be questioned, immediately adding that he doesn’t agree with the idea that ‘We know about ourselves the best.’ either.

Orientalism took a part of the world as completely ‘alien’ to itself, constructed unchangeable, permanent statements (and prejudices) about it, these statements were quoted and transferred in the Orientalist literature throughout generations. Orientalism, rather than trying to really understand these human experiences of others, didn’t consider it a human experience, and thus took all the peoples of the Orient like objects to study and in an oversimplifying and reductive manner. Broad geographical areas, countless ethno-religious groups, many different communities were reduced into dead, static categories, seen as homogenous and static throughout ages and studied in some rooms and offices in Western European capitals. While the main goal of this field should have been to understand these human experiences, studying of the Orient mainly relied on old texts as central sources. Should one read the Quran first to understand a Modern Egyptian? It is striking that even in the late 20^th century it was possible to speak about the ‘Arab mind’ (interesting, how absurd it would sound to many if one wanted to talk about the ‘American mind’ or the ‘British mind’) and write articles and books about how the Arabic language doesn’t let the Arabs think rationally and clearly.

Thus, peoples of the Orient ceased to be individuals, little communities were disregarded, and everyone was put under some broad category such as ‘Oriental’ or ‘Muslim’ which have vague meanings.

 On the other hand, Orientalism was used to justify colonialism and domination over those lands (White Man’s Burden, ‘’La Mission Civilisatrice’’, and the concept that Europeans are a superior race, colonialism was in the benefit of the colonized and Europeans had the duty to civilize other peoples) and facilitate colonial administration.  Like Said states, we cannot understand the Orientalist literature without considering the close relations between some important Orientalists and imperial states and their institutions.

   On most of the encounters between the ‘Westerner’ and the ‘Oriental’, the ‘Westerner’ had been in a superior position, a kind of an administrator or in a somewhat privileged position (Foucault’s power relations), and these power relations were naturally very influential on the representations of the ‘East’. ‘Westerners’ examined, observed, studied, represented and spoke on behalf of the ‘East’ (The Indian characters in Kipling’s novels could be an example)

While Said takes us on a journey in Orientalist literature and mentality starting from the representations of Persians in Ancient Greece, to the representations of Saracens/Muslims in Medieval Europe, to Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt, to the image of Arabs in American popular culture, he criticizes some more general attitudes. The view he defends, is that the world does not consist of different civilizations that are different by nature and divided in absolute terms. He states that every part of the world had contacts with other parts of the world and limiting definitive terms such as the ‘Orient’, ‘East’, ‘West’, ‘Islam’ and ‘Arab’ have vague meanings and these attitudes have dire consequences on humanity. These prejudiced attitudes construct antagonists and an image of history and the world that is far from reality in people’s minds.

  In the preface to the 1995 edition of the book, Said talks about how the book was received in different parts of the world by different groups.  While some American and British professors, especially Bernard Lewis, called the work ‘Anti-western’, in the Arab world it was perceived as a book written in defense of Arabs against the ‘West’, so both missing the point of the work.  Said states in the preface to the 1995 edition that he doesn’t know how to respond to all these criticisms to a book that carefully doesn’t try to neither defend or discuss the ‘Orient’ or ‘Islam’, by an author who is obviously against essentialism, skeptical towards all categorical labels such as the ‘Orient’ and the ‘West’. ‘’Orientalism’’ was perceived as a systematic defense of the Arabs and Islam in the Arab world, the reviews that were written reflect this perception, however in the book he states that he is not interested to show what Islam or the Orient really is, and clearly states that he doesn’t have the capacity to do it as well. 

            

Thinking Activity : Edger Allan poe's short stories

This blog is part of my guest lecturer which was given by Dr Jay Mehtasir This are the five story short shory.

1) The Fall of House
2) The Purloined Letter
3) The Gold Bug
4) The Tell Tale Heart
5) The Cask of Amontillado

1) Make a comparative study of 'The Tell-tale Heart' and 'The Black Cat'.

'The Tell tale Heart’ is kind of self conference story while also self conference story. Both story narrative style is different because we can not decide who is ‘The Tell tale Heart' story narrator. In this story, the narrator is ‘I' so how can we decided who is narrate he or she. This is a story of a servant killed his Ower because of his ower queer eye. While 'The Black cat' story related to one person killed the cat because of his ego hurt then he killed his wife also. Both story crime reason one hatred eye. One is person eye and The black cat story protagonist haterd black cat eye.

2) Elucidate various narrative techniques in Poe's stories pleasurable they help in achieving the 'pre-conceived effect'?

Yes, Poe's stories pleasurable they help in achieving the the ‘pre-conceived’ effect like horror and terror, if we read his story at night with constraints so we would feel that horrible effect on over mind. Most of Poe’s short story as like positive word and narrative techniques is real unique. In the story Poe’s character image don’t described as criminal but showed as normal human beings and their acts are called psychological disordered human.

3)  Write a note on the various psychological disorders to be found in the characters of the stories and their significance to that particular text.

Jaysir explain this story and introduce various concepts as like what is PERVERSENES? – Perverseness is one of the primitive impulses of the human heart. One of the indivisible primary faculties or sentiment, which give direction to the character of man.
Explained this psychological disorder -

What is Sadism ?
A sadist is someone who enjoys inflicting pain on others.  Sadists like seeing other people hurt. So most of Poe’s stories main characters are suffering from sadism.

Masochism –
Masochism is the practice of seeking pain because it is pleasure.

Hypochondriac –

An individual with hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness, constant self-examination and self-diagnosis, and a preoccupation with one's body. This mental disorders shown when we  analyzed Poe's stories main characters.

Paranoid Schizophrenia
Hallucinations –
A perception of having seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled something that wasn't actually there. These mental disorders we can also notice to read his story. For example “The Tell – Tale Heart” servant killed his ower even servant heard that dead person voice so it called Hallucinations. Most of his stories criminals are facing same mental disorders.

04) Analyze the genre of short story keeping in mind Poe's works. References of stories by other writers and/or regional writers are expect

I analysis to focus on the genre of short stories, so these things are more appropriate to analysing short story as like setting, plot, characterization, plot and structure, conflict and climax, theme and narrative point of view. Here analyse of Poe's short story it is type of Gothic story or horror story. Poe's story setting is also horrible and main character actions are also ho hurrible. He also follow climax and conflict for example The Tell Tale heart story starting as smoothly but end with murdered. Characters are shown they have conflict what to do and how can do crime ?

Most of I didn’t read story book but I remember some of the story which were in my syllabus. Out syllabus I read some of Jayantilal Gohil's short story. But here one short story “Garasani” by Zaverchand Meghani this story main character action as like terrible.

5) Read the translation of 'The Tell-tale Heart' by Mr. Paresh Vyas and published in a leading Gujarati dailyy Gujarat Samachar dated 18-08-'19. Note down your observations about that translation.

I read “The Tale Heart” translation by Mr.Paresh Vyas and I observe that how translation ultimately change real story tone because when I read original story at that time I felt horror but while I read translation during I hadn’t felt story like horror. I think may be every languages have different word power which use by master so it attached more than translation. This same horror feeling I felt when I was read original Gujarati short story Mansangh and Pankor Dhoshi so that is power of particular language writers.

At last day Jaysir told us how to write poem and suggest to read lot then write something.
So thank you Jaysir for these wonderful session and I would like thanks to our  professor Dilip Baradsir for organized that fruitful session for us

Thinking Activity : E.A.poe's short stories

Role of Teachers and learnes

The teacher-learner role confers rights and role on both parties. Behaving in a way that embodies the ideal teacher-learner relationship creates a culture of mutual respect, minimizes the likelihood of student mistreatment and optimizes the educational experience.

Role of Teachers 

* Treat learners fairly, respectfully, and without bias related to their age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, religion or national origin.

* Distinguish between the Socratic method, in which insightful questions are a stimulus to learning and discovery, and overly aggressive questioning, in which detailed questions are repeatedly presented with the end point of belittlement or humiliation of the learner.

Give learners timely, constructive and accurate feedback and opportunities for remediation, and submit grades and evaluations within 4 weeks and no later than 6 weeks of the end of a course or clerkship.

*Be prepared and on time for all activities

* Ensure proper supervision of medical students during required clinical activities.

* Provide learners with current material and information and appropriate educational activities.

*Disclose familial relationships to avoid conflicts of interest

Clinical Supervision of Medical Students

PURPOSE

To ensure the safety of patients and learners and a supportive environment for student learning and growth in the clinical setting.

OVERVIEW

In keeping with the combined duties to patient care/safety and education of students in the practice of medicine, and in keeping with accreditation requirements (LCME 9.2 Faculty Appointments, and 9.3 Clinical Supervision of Medical Students), this policy describes the requirements to meet the standard of appropriate supervision in the clinical environment.

Harvard Medical School values the role of learners in the provision of excellent clinical care. To ensure patient care/safety and accomplishment of the goals and objectives of the medical education program, the faculty have determined the educational principle of graded responsibility to maximally support learners in their development of clinical expertise. We believe that appropriate supervision is also critical to performing assessments of the learner and providing meaningful feedback.

POLICY

HMS students must be appropriately supervised when participating in required or elective clinical activities at all clinical training sites.

1.All incoming residents and fellows are required to attend Graduate Medical Education New Resident and Fellow Orientation at their sites, which includes an orientation to their roles and responsibilities as teachers. All graduate TAs are required to attend a yearly teaching seminar, which includes an orientation to their roles and responsibilities as teachers.

a. Attendance is collected by each affiliate’s Office of GME or the MD program (for graduate TAs teaching in HMS-based courses) and will be centrally monitored by the MD Program’s Office of Educational Quality Improvement (OEQI).

b. Orientation covers the following topics:

i. HMS MD Program Objectives and associated competencies required for the MD Degree

ii. HMS Student Mistreatment, Attendance & Work Hour Policies

iii. HMS Policy on Faculty-Student/Patient Familial/Intimate Relationships and Recusal Requirements, which specifies that providers of health and psychiatric/psychological services to a medical student, family members of students, or anyone involved in an intimate relationship with a student must have no involvement in the academic assessment of or in decisions made about the promotion of that student.

iv. HMS/HU Blood-borne Pathogen Exposure Protocol for HMS & HSDM Students (for Residents and Fellows)

c. If a resident or fellow is unable to attend Orientation, an alternative orientation experience is arranged.

2. Residents and fellows who teach medical students receive a copy of their respective Clerkship’s Learning Objectives and Required Clinical Experiences and the Professional Attributes expected of medical students. Graduate TAs receive a copy of course objectives.

3. Residents and fellows who evaluate or assess medical students participate in faculty development sessions on the HMS Assessment System, including EPAs (Entrustable Professional Activities) and need to attest on an annual basis that they have reviewed and acknowledge receipt of HMS’s Program Objectives and Competencies required for the MD Degree and respective Clerkship Objectives.

4.The MD Program’s Office of Educational Quality Improvement (OEQI) and Academy and the GME Offices of the affiliates offer faculty development programming to help faculty, residents, fellows and post-doctoral instructors improve their teaching and evaluation skills. For required components, attendance is monitored centrally by HMS as well as the GME Offices of the affiliates.

5.Clinical departments offer additional teaching development workshops to residents and fellows, including topics such as creating a positive learning environment; setting expectations for learners; giving effective feedback; precepting in the clinic setting; leading teams; and facilitating small groups. Model curricula for Residents and Fellows as Teachers have been developed by the Office of Educational Quality Improvement/Director of Faculty Development for dissemination to the residency and fellowship programs.

Responsibilities of Learners

Once a student is formally admitted to Harvard Medical School (HMS), our responsibility is to ensure that our graduates meet certain standards of professional conduct and responsibility. These standards include reliability, honesty and integrity, responsibility in professional relationships, responsibility in relationships with patients and families, responsibility in relationships with others, including members of the Harvard community, and responsibility related to personal health issues and substance abuse.

Achieving these standards is a developmental process that takes place over the 4 (or more) years of medical student status. The School is committed to providing structured opportunities for students to reflect upon—and learn from—lapses in compliance with these standards.

Students will be evaluated repeatedly on the basis of these standards, examples of which include the following:

Reliabilit

*Can be depended upon to do his/her duty as defined by course and clerkship objectives;

*Completes tasks she/he was assigned or agreed to perform;

*Attends, is prepared, and participates in a timely fashion in all scheduled activities, including classes/lectures, tutorials, labs, clinics, rounds, etc.

*Complies with administrative/regulatory requirements of HMS and affiliated institutions.

Honesty and Integrity

* Is honest and ethical with regard to assignments, examinations, research activities, and patient care;

*Acknowledges mistakes, reflects upon them, learns from them, and takes active and effective steps to correct them;

* Adheres to ethical and legal standards of conduct.

Responsibility in Professional Relationships

* Knows and acts in accordance with his/her own cognitive, physical and emotional limitations;

* Takes steps to act on constructive criticism;

*Handles stress appropriately;

*Is considerate and respectful of colleagues, sustaining collegiality faithfully;

*Listens to and maintains effective communication with colleagues;

*In written, voice, email and other electronic communications, including blogs and social media sites, as well as in published writing, reflects thoughtfully and treats fellow students and faculty with mutual respect and understanding;

*Uses professional judgment and respectful language when providing feedback in student surveys about courses and teachers;

*Uses appropriate language and tact in all professional situations;

*Does not make inappropriate demands on colleagues;

*Does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, national origin, ethnic background, political beliefs, veteran status, disability status or any other improper basis;

*Shows appropriate judgment in responding to unethical, unprofessional, or dangerous behavior on the part of others;

*Comports himself/herself professionally at all times.

Responsibility in Relationships with Patients and Families

* Knows and acts in accordance with his/her own cognitive, physical and emotional limitations;

*Is considerate, conscientious and respectful toward a patient’s and family’s physical needs and emotional concerns;

*Listens to and maintains effective communication with patients and families;

*Uses appropriate language and tact in all professional situations;

*Keeps accurate medical records;

*Maintains patient confidentiality where and when required and in written, voice, email and other electronic communications, including blogs and social media sites, as well as in published writing;

*Does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, national origin, ethnic background, political beliefs, veteran status, disability status or any other improper basis;

*Is appropriately groomed in all professional situations;

*Maintains appropriate boundaries in the doctor/patient relationship;

*Comports himself/herself professionally at all times.

Responsibility in Relationships with Others, including Members of the Harvard Community

*Abides by all expectations for conduct set forth in the HMS Student Handbook.

Responsibility Related to Personal Health Issues and Substance Abuse

* Shows appropriate judgment in seeking evaluation and assistance if, as a result of injury, illness, emotional difficulties or substance abuse, a student’s ability to meet academic or clinical responsibilities becomes impaired or potentially impaired;

*Is aware that substance abuse is not compatible with professional conduct;

*Is aware that the use of any substance in the settings of patient care and research activity is not compatible with professional conduct.

Course Directors’ Expectations of Students 

* In an effort to encourage a positive learning atmosphere of respect and good will among students and course instructors, HMS course directors have developed the following expectations:

* Attend required activities

Notify course director if you are unable to attend a required activity.

*Be on time to sessions

    Be in your seat and ready to go by the time the class starts.

*Show courtesy to speakers and patients in amphitheater sessions

    Quiet down when the session starts without needing to be asked.

      If you are late, enter the back; do not walk in front of the speaker.

*Come prepared for class sessions

*Complete all assigned readings, problem sets, case reviews prior to the session (whether lecture, tutorial, mini-case, laboratory, case-based collaborative learning session (CBCL) or focused exercise) at which they will be discussed.

*Participate actively in sessions; give your classmates an opportunity to participate

*Use electronic devices appropriately

Laptops and tablets are acceptable for accessing course materials during sessions, except during patient clinics.

*Choose appropriate resources for course study and exam preparation

Resources that are approved by course directors are posted on Canvas or MyCourses.

Resources that are approved by course directors are posted on Canvas or MyCourses.

It is not acceptable to use old exams, study guides or tutorial materials handed down by students in previous year’s classes without permission of course director.

Thinking Activity : To The Lighthouse

Here is my interpretation on the given questions

1.How can you explain that 'what' Virginia Woolf wanted to say (for example, the complexity of human relationship, the everyday battles that people are at in their relationship with near and dear ones, the struggle of a female artist against the values of middle/upper class society etc) can only be said in the way she has said? (Key: The 'How' of the narrative technique is to be discussed along with features of Stream of Consciousness technique which helps Woolf to put in effective manner what she experienced in abstractions.)

Ans:  And she wanted to say not one thing, but everything. Little words that broke up the thought and dismembered it said nothing. “About life, about death; about Mrs. Ramsay”—no, she thought, one could say nothing to nobody. The urgency of the moment always missed its mark. Words fluttered sideways and struck the object inches too low. Then one gave it up; then the idea sunk back again; then one became like most middle-aged people, cautious, furtive, with wrinkles between the eyes and a look of perpetual apprehension. For how could one express in words these emotions of the body? express that emptiness there? (She was looking at the drawing-room steps; they looked extraordinarily empty.) It was one’s body feeling, not one’s mind. The physical sensations that went with the bare look of the steps had become suddenly extremely unpleasant. TO want and not to have, sent all up her body a hardness, a hollowness, a strain. And then to want and not to have—to want and want—how that wrung the heart, and wrung it again and again! Oh, Mrs. Ramsay! She called out silently, to that essence which sat by the boat, that abstract one made of her, that woman in grey, as if to abuse her for having gone, and then having gone, come back again. It seemed so safe, thinking of her. Ghost, air, nothingness, a thing you could play with easily and safely at any time of day or night, she had been that, and then suddenly she put her hand out and wrung the heart thus. Suddenly, the empty drawing-room steps, the frill of the chair inside, the puppy tumbling on the terrace, the whole wave and whisper of the garden became like curves and arabesques flourishing around a centre of complete emptiness.

2)  Do you agree: "The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay"? (Key: Take some clues from the painting of Mrs Ramsay drawn by Lily Briscoe and the article by Andre Viola and Glenn Pedersen. Can we read Mrs. R in context of the idea of Ideal Indian Woman - karyeshu dasi, karaneshshu mathri; Bhojeshu mata , shayaneshu Rambha;  kshamayshu dharithri, kuladharma pathni.

Ans, Yes, I am agree with this idea that 'The Novel is the both the tribute and the critique to Mrs, Ramsay'. When we read article by Andre Viola, Lily Briscoe is at the center and Mrs, Ramsay became critique as one of her daughters died during childbirth because she walks on Mrs Ramsay's path and others are don't want to sacrifice more like there is "manliness in girlish heart", in that way it's like critique on her. on the other hand if we see that she maintains all human relations and even after her death, she will remembered by other characters as Mrs, Ramsay has traditional womanhood to serve men which presents Ideal Indian  women who always care for others ,so she good at men's view (Mr, Ramsay and James) it's like tribute to her but from women's side she is not good as her daughters are not satisfied with her behavior. Till the end of the novel, we can't get clear idea that in which way Mrs, Ramsay's character is described. Virginia Woolf  puts character of Mrs,Ramsay in such a way that we can interpret it in both  way , we are free to do it and novel has not one meaning but multiple meanings as literature is not for one interpretation but open for many.

3) Considering symbolically, does the Lighthouse stand for Mrs. Ramsay or the narrator (Virginia Woolf herself who is categorically represented by Lily)? 

Ans,  Lighthouse is at the center of the novel, it symbolises the spiritual strength and emotional support which is provided by Mrs, Ramsay to other characters of the novel in that sense , 'Lighthouse' stands for Mrs, Ramsay. But when we look from other side , Mrs, Ramsay became wall rather than bridge between her husband and children as Poojaba Jadeja said earlier. It stands for Lily Briscoe or Virginia Woolf herself as 'Lighthouse' stands alone in ocean which says that Virginia Lily Briscoe chalande the point that 'women can't speak and can't paint'. As as the end the wall fell down between Mrs,Ramsay, James and Cam

4. In the article by Joseph Blotner, two myths are patterned together. Name the myths? How they are zeroed down to the symbols of 'Window' and 'Lighthouse'? How does the male phallic symbol represent feminine Mrs. Ramsay? (Key: The strokes of light-beams. . . )

Ans, Lying across the bay and meaning something different and intimately personal to each character, the lighthouse is at once inaccessible, illuminating, and infinitely interpretable. As the destination from which the novel takes its title, the lighthouse suggests that the destinations that seem surest are most unobtainable. Just as Mr. Ramsay is certain of his wife’s love for him and aims to hear her speak words to that end in “The Window,” Mrs. Ramsay finds these words impossible to say. These failed attempts to arrive at some sort of solid ground, like Lily’s first try at painting Mrs. Ramsay or Mrs. Ramsay’s attempt to see Paul and Minta married, result only in more attempts, further excursions rather than rest. The lighthouse stands as a potent symbol of this lack of attainability. James arrives only to realize that it is not at all the mist-shrouded destination of his childhood. Instead, he is made to reconcile two competing and contradictory images of the tower—how it appeared to him when he was a boy and how it appears to him now that he is a man. He decides that both of these images contribute to the essence of the lighthouse—that nothing is ever only one thing—a sentiment that echoes the novel’s determination to arrive at truth through varied and contradictory vantage points. Hu

5. What do you understand by the German term kunstlerroman? How can you justify that 'To The Lighthouse' is 'Künstlerroman' novel? 

Ans, This novel is can be 'Kunstlerroman' novel. 'Bildungsroman' is other word which shows the spiritual,psychological  or social growth of protagonist while 'Kunstlerroman' means the growth of an Artist. In this novel, there is two Artists  Lily Briscoe is a painter  and  Augustus Carmichael is a poet who are in beginning can't paint or write poetry but as novel grows, Carmichael (poet) found his place and his poems famous during war time. and Lily Briscoe is able to complete her painting till the end.

6."... the wages of obedience is death, and the daughter that reproduces mothering to perfection, including child-bearing, already has on her cheeks the pallor of death. One reminded here of various texts by Lucy Irigaray, in which she attacks mothers for being, however unwillingly, accomplices in the patriarchal system of oppression." (Viola). In light of this remark, explain briefly Lily's dilemma in 'To The Lighthouse'. 

Ans,Lily is a passionate artist, and, like Mr. Ramsay, she worries over the fate of her work, fearing that her paintings will be hung in attics or tossed absentmindedly under a couch. Conventional femininity, represented by Mrs. Ramsay in the form of marriage and family, confounds Lily, and she rejects it. The recurring memory of Charles Tansley insisting that women can neither paint nor write deepens her anxiety. It is with these self-doubts that she begins her portrait of Mrs. Ramsay at the beginning of the novel, a portrait riddled with problems that she is unable to solve. But Lily undergoes a drastic transformation over the course of the novel, evolving from a woman who cannot make sense of the shapes and colors that she tries to reproduce into an artist who achieves her vision and, more important, overcomes the anxieties that have kept her from it. By the end of the novel, Lily, a serious and diligent worker, puts into practice all that she has learned from Mrs. Ramsay. Much like the woman she so greatly admires, she is able to craft something beautiful and lasting from the ephemeral materials around her—the changing light, the view of the bay. Her artistic achievement suggests a larger sense of completeness in that she finally feels united with Mr. Ramsay and the rational, intellectual sphere that he represents.

7. You have compared the 'beginning' and the 'ending' of the novel and the film adaptation of the novel directed by Colin Gregg (you can see it again in the embedded video below this). Do you think that the novel is more poignant than the movie? If yes, do you ascribe the fact that the power of words is much greater than that of the screen / visuals?

Ans, yes with reference to the ending of the film (After the final stroke on the canvass with finishing touch, Lily walks inside the house. As she goes ante-chamber, the light and dark shade makes his face play hide-and-seek. She climbs stairs, puts her brush aside, walks through the dark and light to enter her room. Gently closes the door - speaks: "Closed doors, open windows" - lies on the bed and with some sort of satisfaction utters: "Dearest Briscoe, you are a fool".) 

8.What does the catalogue named as 'Army and Navy' signify? What does cutting of 'Refrigerator'  signify?

Ans, Internet research didn’t turn up any catalogues, but it did turn up Edwardian Shopping: A Selection from the Army and Navy Stores Catalogues 1898-1913. By now my research had become obsessive, and so with the help of AbeBooks I ordered a copy from WorldofBooks in Goring-By-Sea for US $20.93. Yesterday the book arrived and it was many Christmases at once as I ripped open the packaging and started flipping through the pages. Never has a catalogue been examined with such expectation and such impatience and such anxiety. My big fear was that—because Edwardian Shopping is a selection, after all—there might not be a page with iceboxes or refrigerators on it.

Of course, as the opening sentence to this blog betrays, my fears were groundless. 1898 didn’t have refrigerators, though it did have oil cooking stoves, but in the 1902 portion of the book there is a whole page given over to refrigerators. On the page there is not just one, but six refrigerators, refrigerators ranging from Kent’s Patented Ventilated Refrigerator to the New Dry-Air Cabinet Refrigerator. Prices range from 2 pounds 19 shilling, and sixpence to 24 pounds, 18 shilling and 9 pence. Though one, the New Dry-Air Cabinet Refrigerator, anticipates the design of later fridges, none of the refrigerators have electrical or mechanical components—they are in effect glorified ice boxes—yet they are all, with one exception, named refrigerators. The page is titled refrigerators.

10. Why did Virginia give such prominence to the tale of the “Fisherman’s Wife”? In particular, why did she weave such a misogynist tale into the fabric of a book which so eloquently challenges received patriarchal notions about the roles and capabilities of women? 

Ans,   Virginia Woolf  used the tale of ' Fisherman's Wife'  but in ironic way and subverted  it in this novel. In real tale, women is became cause of downfall as she tells her husband to ask more from fish which here it subverted that Mr, Ramsay is in power that without his permission.Mrs, Ramsay can't  renovate her house and help needy person. So, here this tale shows the Patriarchy rules as on way to lighthouse , boy cuts fish and throw its pieces in water while in real tale Fisherman is kind and give life to fish. 

11. How is India represented in 'To The Lighthouse'? 

Ans,  India is represented in novel as 'Ruled India' means still India ruled by Patriarchy as our all myths or folklore are male centered like Ram, Krishna etc.. which is also shown in novel that Mr, Ramsay has power than Mrs, Ramsay.

Augustus Carmichael's visits to India is considered as an Achievement because during that time India is shown in positive way as outsiders attracted towards India's culture and heritage. India also referred as the land of Desire to visit and exotic land. So, here we can say that Virginia Woolf  has given the positive representation of India while today the India is known as country of poverty, dirtiness and illiteration. 

12. Write summaries of these articles:

# fludity v/s masculinty by Andre viola.

   This article shows the charector of Lily .so,Lily was at the centre.Through the charector of Mrs.Ramsay we can see the patriarch socity. As Lily don't like mrs.Ramsay so not are arguing always against eachother.

 Here I describe the compares of Mrs.Ramsay and Lily Bircoe.Mrs.Ramsay is a beautiful and loving woman wonderful ability to handing thing.Lily Briscoe is an unmarried prefessionl painter who can rationally analysed art of male garl. Mrs.Ramsay holds the Ramsay family together as she holds together every social contats . For putting people ease.Lily Briscoe rejects the convention image of the woman represented by  Mrs.Ramsay .Thus Mrs.Ramsay and Lily Briscoe argue against.

         

Thinking Activitie : To The Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th century authors and also a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.Here I want to discuss her famous modern novel" To The Lighthouse" which connected also her like.

         She lived a short life maybe the age of 59 between 1882-194 but she was suffering a lot through mental illness & society. I listened &reaf in sources that she committed suicide also. Why did she suicide? We can't give a particular reason for her suicide. It's happening rarely cases in the world that the writer preferred suicide. Her parents Leslie Stephen also historian, author, and critic. She had own ' Hogarth ptess '. Hence according to her choice, she could write and published own way. Her famous work like as a

1) Mrs. Dalloway (1925)
2) To the lighthouse (1927)
3) Orlando (1928)
4) A Room of One's own (1929)

Here title used very symbolic way because ' Lighthouse ' is a symbol of something statistic, overcoming challenges, adversity or guide for loss path into the sea. I should notify that Virginia Woolf has sense of geographical because she used geographical location and poetic images in the novel. Moreover, she employed the narrative technique of ' stream of consciousness' in this novel artistically. Its a difficult task for her which read each character subconscious mind.

According to Virginia Woolf:-

    " Life isn't a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-transplant envelope surrounding us from the other beginning of consciousness to end."

This novels genre is a stream of consciousness which first published in 1927. Here the narrator speaks in the third person narrative way who describes the all characters action with subjectively. However, the novel tones Elegiac, poetic, rhythmic and imaginative and setting places in the isle of Skye in the Hebrides. Here we confused that who is a central character? But let me know that Mrs Ramsay is the central character at the beginning of the novel but at the end of the novel I felt that Lily Briscoe played the vital role of the central figure in the novel. When the second part of the novel started with Mrs. Ramsey's dinner party's at that time novel achieved the stage of climax. This novel themes like the transience of and work; art a means of presentation;  the movie subjective nature of reality and restorative effects of beauty. Now let's start a discussion on the following all questions;

1. How can you explain that 'what' Virginia Woolf wanted to say (for example, the complexity of human relationship, the everyday battles that people are at in their relationship with near and dear ones, the struggle of a female artist against the values of middle/upper-class society etc) can only be said in the way she has said? (Key: The 'How' of the narrative technique is to be discussed along with features of Stream of Consciousness technique which helps Woolf to put ineffective manners what she experienced in abstractions.)

     

 Ans: Virginia Woolf has good ability to discrimination and deep sensivity which proved through reiteration of the each characters. Another things I found she defines information of her life with biographical way. At the end of the novel maybe Virginia Woolf represented her struggle, ambitious by Briscoe. We know that she has luxurious life as a woman who think a lot thwn she wrote on woman rights & real circumstances of female, patriarchal population of modern times. Throughout of novel she interpreted duty & relationship of female characters with male characters with different ways. Mrs Ramsay played various roll as motherhood, wife, housekeeper. 

     In the novel I can find the complexity of human relationship through characters of Mrs. Ramsay who maybe we find in today's culture and percent Society also have it's difficult task to solving that problem because of most of the person dependent on other people. Here Mrs. Ramsay as an example of a good Indian housewife. She can't do anything without the permission of her husband. So when women broke her particular sense of longing or hoping for a person at that time increased battle between dear and near. Here I found one example that indirectly happens battle between Lily and Mrs. Ramsay. 

Moreover, as a female character in the novel Lily Briscoe was soul of art and rationality. Mrs. Ramsay disgusted to drawn painting and lily in a hidden way. Here novelist try said through character of lily that, How to struggling a woman as an artist? What is the importance of art in life? In the novel one dialogue proved the mind of society and battle between two gender which spoken by Tansley one male character. 

            " women can not paint write..."

Same as the situation openly happening in today's society. Generally, modern society give all type of freedom everybody although in middle and lower class woman is working in only kitchen and take carw of children. Many people gave capture of women like as ' Devi'. So hidden ambition of modern society that women's no need to go outside for working and learning. Still, women are facing so many boundary in present community. So that there is no equality in any field.

2.Do you agree: "The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay"? (Key: Take some clues from the painting of Mrs Ramsay drawn by Lily Briscoe and the article by Andre Viola and Glenn Pedersen. Can we read Mrs. R in context of the idea of Ideal Indian Woman -

To The Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf

To the lighthouse by Virginia Woolf The film ' To The Lighthouse', directed by clin Greg, written by Hugh Stoddart

To The Lighthouse is a novel written Virginia Woolf that was first published in 1972. Woolf is widely admired for her technical innovation in the novel most notably her development of stream of consciousness narrative.In to the lighthouse 1927 .Woolf Victorian marriage and events of her own childhood as well.

The Role of English in india

This blog is part of my cademic task which was given in ELT by vaidehi Madam.

* What is English Language for you?

I'm born in Gujarati family so mother tongue is Gujarati so English Language is foreign language for me. Sometimes this language through I'm doing communication or post on social sites so others are understanding easily those who are from other state.

* What kind of challenges you are facing and have faced while learning this language?

learning this language?

I can understand everything when others are speaking but when I'm talking about new things at that time I'm not getting words instant. I've not rich Vocabulary in mind so obviously I've to think a few seconds before i speak.

According to you which position English Language should be given?

In my opinion position doesn't matter. As it is it should be foreign language but we have to aware people why The English language is necessary...Already we have many issues in our India than why we think about position, we have to think about that how we can learn and others also.

      

*How you see your future with English Language?

There is nothing like future... everything depends on the present...

I'm still weak in vocabulary and I've not good fluency but if I'll catch fluency and content than future will be good.

The Role of English in India

Thinking Activity on To The Lighthouse

 Hello, Everyone welcome to my blog !
This was a part of my thinking activity which was given by Dilip sir. Here is the Sir's blog linkhttps://blog.dilipbarad.com/2014/09/worksheet-virginia-woolfs-to-lighthouse.html?m=1 ; 

* To the  lighthouse novel by Virginia Woolf .

• To the lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf.The novel's  centres  is on the Ramsay family and their visits of the isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920.It was written in stream of consciousness.Here the title is also concerned as a symbol.Tone of the novel is Elegiac,poetic, rhythmic and imaginative .

"Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged ; life is a luminous halo,a semi - transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end ." 

 

   

• Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer,considered one of the most important modernist 20th century authors and also a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.Woolf was educated by her parents in their literate and we'll - connected household.she belong to a very good and high class still she is doing rebel .She was also a part of Bloom's berry group.Her life was a full of courage and stoicism.she is writing in stream of consciousness.she was concerned as excitement,pain, horror,beauty of daily event.she was attracted towards Industrialization,she use to write on shopping.she has a trivia of everybody's life, about every moment.politically she was writing for women,for education and for job.woolf suffered from severe bouts of mental illness throughout her life,thought to have been the result of what is new termed bi-polar disorder and committed suicide by drowning herself in 1941 at the very young age.

Very feminist work of that time :- 
• A Room of one's own.
• To the lighthouse
• Mrs. Dalloway
• The voyage out

• To the lighthouse is divided into three sections:- 
1. " The window"
2. " Time passes "
3. " The lighthouse".
• Mrs.Ramsay is the central focus of the beginning of the lighthouse. The novel opens just before the start of World War 1. It has thin plot.great kind of event does not happened." SHUT A DOOR" this line keeps on coming. During the whole novel nothing important happens.There is a connection between story & Stream of thoughts.

#  Now, let's talk about some questions and answers which were the part of my thinking activity.

Que :- 1] How can you explain that 'what' Virginia Woolf wanted to say (for example, the complexity of human relationship, the everyday battles that people are at in their relationship with near and dear ones, the struggle of a female artist against the values of middle/upper class society etc) can only be said in the way she has said? (Key: The 'How' of the narrative technique is to be discussed along with features of Stream of Consciousness technique which helps Woolf to put in effective manner what she experienced in abstractions.)

Ans :- As we know that she is writing in stream of consciousness and her life was a full of courage and stoicism .As she belongs to a very good family still she feels like she has not getting something which her brother is getting.She fights for all women of that time.It was very difficult to raise our voice against anyone specially infront of Men. Woolf's husband has his own press which was a very good things and she can write easily.She can do easily experiment.she basically writing about radical things.So,here we can see the struggle of a female artist against male person or everyone .

Que  : - 2] Do you agree: "The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay"? (Key: Take some clues from the painting of Mrs Ramsay drawn by Lily Briscoe and the article by Andre Viola and Glenn Pedersen. Can we read Mrs. R in context of the idea of Ideal Indian Woman - Karyeshu dasi, Karaneshu manthri; Bhojeshu mata, Shayaneshu rambha; Kshamayeshu dharithri, Roopeshu lakshmi; Satkarma yukta, Kuladharma pathni. )

Ans :-  Yes, I am agree with that the novel is the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay. So, firstly Mrs. Ramsay was the soul of the house.she likes to take care of all family members, about their food, specially to care about guests. She is the lively element of the house.Lily  Briscoe who don't like this all things.she is always arguing with Mrs.Ramsay but  in a way  she wants to take place of her .she want to be like Mrs. Ramsay.When at the end of the movie,we see the painting of lily Briscoe at that time  we realise that Mrs. Ramsay is everything of house which lily also accept at the end.Through the character of lily we can see both side of Mrs, Ramsay ; good or positive as well as negative side.

Que :- 3 ] Considering symbolically, does the Lighthouse stand for Mrs. Ramsay or the narrator (Virginia Woolf herself who is categorically represented by Lily)? (Key: Take help from the presentation on Symbolism to connect Mrs. Caroline Ramsay with Lighthouse. Secondly, the narrator / author cannot fully disappear from the novel and thus the stoicism of Lily to paint and thus prove that she can paint, is symbolically presented in stoicism of Lighthouse. Read 'lighthouse' symbol from presentation slide with this insight to connect lighthouse with the narrator. Give your concluding remarks in the comment below in this blog )

Ans : Mrs, Caroline Ramsay stands as guiding star and harbours emotional safety to other family/ guest members visiting summer house .she is the spiritual bridge between other humans in the novel.She is stands strong like the lighthouse amidst emotionally shattered beings .since the beginning of the movie lily Briscoe is started painting but she can't complete,she doesn't get view or visual to draw. At the end she get visual ,she has completed the painting but with the Mrs,Ramsay.Mrs, Ramsay is her visual , Without Mrs,Ramsay the painting is not metaphorically as the element of water represents the emotions ,the lighthouse is a symbol for the spiritual strength and emotional guidance which is available to us during the times we feel we are being helplessly tossed around in a sea of inner turmoil.

Que  :- 4 ] In the article by Joseph Blotner, two myths are patterned together. Name the myths? How they are zeroed down to the symbols of 'Window' and 'Lighthouse'? How does the male phallic symbol represent feminine Mrs. Ramsay? (Key: The strokes of light-beams. . . )

Two Myths are : 

1. Myth of oedipus ; 
 killed his father and married with his mother. So here James character portrait as like father hated child, Virginia Woolf use stream of consciousness technique when James mind portrait father hated son.

2. Cronus afraid of his death because of his father curse his child killed him that why Cronus killed his children but at last once day Rhea didn’t give child and that child grown up knowingly his name Zeus, Zeus killed his father as per his mother wish and again cycling continues father killed by his son.

Que : - 5 ] What do you understand by the German term 'Künstlerroman'? How can you justify that 'To The Lighthouse' is 'Künstlerroman' novel? 
Ans : According to Offered dictionary meaning,The German term (meaning ‘artist-novel’) for a novel in which the central character is an artist of any kind, e.g. the musical composer Leverkühn in Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus (1947), or the painter Lantier in Zola's L'Oeuvre (1886). ... In novel this meaning is connected with Lily Briscoe because she was an artist,and lot of talk about her paintings is done in novel .At the end her skill of artist came out with her paintings.

Que. : - 6] "... the wages of obedience is death, and the daughter that reproduces mothering to perfection, including child-bearing, already has on her cheeks the pallor of death. One reminded here of various texts by Lucy Irigaray, in which she attacks mothers for being, however unwillingly, accomplices in the patriarchal system of oppression." (Viola). In light of this remark, explain briefly Lily's dilemma in 'To The Lighthouse'. 

Ans :- Lily Briscoe's dilemma in ' To the lighthouse' is because of she was against of Mrs, Ramsay.She is believing that as Mrs, Ramsay is not living a good and satisfied life ,she is living for others,for family,for to take care of people.Lily is not believing that Mrs, Ramsay can be a part of painting,she is thinking how she can be visual of her paintings,why she is the soul of the house.

Que :- 7 ] You have compared the 'beginning' and the 'ending' of the novel and the film adaptation of the novel directed by Colin Gregg (you can see it again in the embedded video below this). Do you think that the novel is more poignant than the movie? If yes, do you ascribe the fact that the power of words is much greater than that of the screen / visuals?
Ans : The beginning of the movie and Novel are different.we need to aware or to read original novel before watching movie.Story doesn't start same in both. But the ending was same in movie and novel .it ends with Lily Briscoe's painting.According to me Movie was more apply to understand plot, character, concept of the novel .we more understand with visualisation. In the movie the camera angle was very good .

Que : - 8 ]How do you interpret the last line of the novel (It was done; it was finished.
Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision.) with reference to the ending of the film (After the final stroke on the canvass with finishing touch, Lily walks inside the house. As she goes ante-chamber, the light and dark shade makes his face play hide-and-seek. She climbs stairs, puts her brush aside, walks through the dark and light to enter her room. Gently closes the door - speaks: "Closed doors, open windows" - lies on the bed and with some sort of satisfaction utters: "Dearest Briscoe, you are a fool".) 

Ans :- After the final stroke on the canvas with finishing touch,lily walks inside the house,goes into ante - chamber, some  light and dark shades are playing hide and seek with her face.She said to Mrs,Ramsay that you are fool ,look without family, without getting married I can live alone happily, I can paint.At the end he completes her paintings.She proves himself infront of Mrs,Ramsay.

Que :- 9 ] What does the catalogue named as 'Army and Navy' signify? What does cutting of 'Refrigerator'  signify?

Ans :- maybe it was a symbol of change,of Changing technology.james ,son of Mr and Mrs. Ramsay who is also in army and he died. James is guided in his choice by Mrs. Ramsay and it should therefore be associated with her.Mrs, Ramsay is repeatedly shown as someone who is training and shaking her children's minds and her approach to her son's.she wants her daughter and the women around her to support and sustain men,while she wants the men to be a success in the public sphere.

Que :- 10 ] Why did Virginia give such prominence to the tale of the “Fisherman’s Wife”? In particular, why did she weave such a misogynist tale into the fabric of a book which so eloquently challenges received patriarchal notions about the roles and capabilities of women? 

Ans :- Here in novel Mrs,Ramsay is reading story of " Fisherman's wife" and in novel Virginia Woolf portrayed the character of Mrs,Ramsay and her opposite character Lily Briscoe. Virginia wants to draw the picture of women characters at different way,with different perspective.

Que :- 11 ] How is India represented in 'To The Lighthouse'?

Ans :- so, through the character of Mrs,Ramsay India is represented as a ldiol and good housewife,caring wife.she is always pampers her husband's ego and attitude.She also always take care of children and guest also.she is a perfect image of an Indian daughter in law.

Que :- 12] Write summaries of this articles ?

•There are three article like ; 
1. Mythical pattern in " To the lighthouse " by Joseph L. Blotner 

• This article deal with Greek myth.
• Here Mrs, Ramsay is proved as a lighthouse at the lighthouse was constant and stable.
• Mrs,Ramsay is a 'giver' always and Mr,Ramsay was 'Taker ' always.

•According to Sigmund Freud,male was lighthouse,but according to Karl Yung,female was a lighthouse.

2. Fluidity V/S Masculinity by Andre Viola.
• This article shows the character of Lily.so ,lily was at the centre.Through the character of Mrs,Ramsay we can see the patriarch society. As lily don't like Mrs,Ramsay so both are arguing always against eachother.It is Kunstel Roman's novel,it shows lily Briscoe's journey.This also representing Woolf's life and Briscoe's painting.

3. Vision to the lighthouse :- 
This article was a quite different from novel.Here Mrs, Ramsay is Matriarch. When she was alive there was not good relationship between father and son. After the death of Mrs,Ramsay they meet and Lily Briscoe also get her vision.